前:模仿说和投影说
浪漫主义和现实主义
- 理论=做手术用的手术刀,观察用的显微镜→不要为理论而理论,你的目的应当为做手术/吃牛排
- 不同的理论如同医学检查中不同的检查机器,不同的工具会让你看到对象的不同侧面
Formalism
涵盖不同艺术表达领域
此处主要讲诗学
Russian Formalism
总论
德国胡塞/索绪尔的影响
Viktor Shklovsky、Yuri Tynianov、Vldimir Propp、Boris Eichenbaum、Roman Jakobson、Boris Tomashevsky、Grigory Gukovsky
认为文学不是任何事物的投影,文学就是它本身
以俄国为始,在各国建设了Linguistic Circle
运用巴赫金/Juri Lotman等思考
研究的面向:叙事学(distortions of the natural order of events)包括omission transposition digression disproportion
可能认为形式的设计比本质更重要
最初在俄国建立了Society for Study of Poetic Language/Moscow Linguistic Circle
文学的科学
Boris Eichenbaum的发言
Tomashevsky和Jakobson:文学不来自其essences的先验定义,文学科学就是研究文学的构成,研究文学之现象,文学研究就是研究文学性(literariness)
俄国形式主义主张的两条研究原则
研究文学和其他人类活动相区别的特征
必须摈弃以往人们压制在文学上的从哲学、美学、心理学等试图接近文学之本质的努力
第一阶段:Mechanistic formalism
OPOJAZ(Society for Study of Poetic Language)关注文学创作的技巧与手段,而非作者、读者、历史
艺术不是其他事物的shadow,而是其本身——Viktor Shklovsky
回归craftsmanship,soul of the literary work=the sum total of its devices
提出陌生化(de-familiarize\俄:ostranenie)
「Art as Technique/Device」(Shklovsky,1917)
延长感知时间,艺术是体验/感知对象艺术性的过程
↔︎Belinsky:艺术是对社会政治的解读
↔︎艺术是个人生活的投影
Device=让文学作品具有艺术性的技巧(例:诗歌中的重复、对比、metaphor,複義、oxymoron)
继承了洪堡的传统,poetic language是对prosaic language的opposite「seven types of ambigulty」,也是practical language的opposite
后期转研究小说叙事
对时间的打乱、闪回=plot(sjuzhet)↔︎story(fabula)=对事件的自然持续实现
「Theory of Prose」(Shklovsky,1929)
英语中的Prose=小说的一种叙事!=中文“散文”
They constitute the invariants of narrative, or its universal grammar, independent of any specific content, and provide a set of moulds
第二阶段:Organic formalism
基于有机论=如同一个有机体,作品也是由各部分协同组成,而且各部分都是有层级的
Victor Zhirmunsky
teleological concept(隐藏了一个目的的存在)
- Vladimir Propp
- 「Mopholity of Tale」(1928):将俄国的tale提炼出了31种功能:absentation, interdiction...
第三阶段:Systemic formalism
Yuri Tynianov(+黑格尔辩证法/索绪尔语言学)
不管研究单一作品,还研究文学在不同时代的演变(literary evolution=a struggle among competing elements)
如:颂诗来自演讲
认为外在于文学系统的元素促进了文学的演变
「Problems in the Study of Language and Literature」(1928)
研究系统中各个部件的function
each synchronic system has its own past and future as part of its structure
system means hierarchical organization!=a mere agglomerate of contemporaneous phenomena catalogued
还要研究 the relevant non-literary facts 来明细system of systems
总结
形式主义催生了结构主义,影响了人类学(Claude Levi-Strauss,Roland Bathes)、心理学
形式主义-paradigm shift-结构主义,The answers you get depends on your paradigm(Thomas Kuhn)
形式主义抛弃了模仿论、抛弃了先验论,形式主义的变革是一个巨大的范式转变
附:Saussure——the founder of modern linguistics and structuralism
language(langue)——individuals(parole)
synchronic & diachronic
「普通语言学教程」
language=socially shared,psychologically real system of signs
each language consist of the arbitrary(恣意=任意で専制的) conjunction of an abstract concept and acoustic image
conceive by no means
abstract concept and acoustic image→signifiant(=signifing|signifier)——signifie(signified)
- (→罗兰巴特)符号系统分为两种connotation(内涵)与denotation(外延)
- 在内涵符号系统中,signifiant本身又能划分为sr.与sd.
- 即:
- sr.
- sr.
- sd.
- sd.
过往的语言研究:历史的语言演变
language is a system(←language is a social fact——William Dwight Whitney(French sociolinguistics))
- sr.
- signs are taken as values / as a system of values
- value=交换价值,语言可以表达本身之物,也可以表达系统中其他的等价事物
- 一切语言都是要放在environment中理解的
- 概念本身是无物的,一切词都是在和其他词之间的关系中存在的
linguistics belongs to a more general science yet to be developed(semiology)
为什么人们无法讨论自己说的语言?缺乏reasonable basis
- 其方法论上的结果=组合轴和聚合轴
- 语言都是双轴的运作
- (→Jacobson)翻译中语言的value是无法等价转换的,两种语言系统彼此的语音、词汇、句法单位的价值不同
- 没有任何signatum(意义)能够离开signum(符号)的建构直接传达,任何语言符号的signatum阐释实际上都是将其进一步翻译成另一种符号、一种“更加充分展开的符号”
- 语际的和语内的
Psychoanalysis
分期
psychology of the unconscious(1897-1923)
ego psychology(1923-)
psychology of the self(ca. 1950-)
Freud
1956-1939
redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms→formulate the Oedipus/Electra complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory
id. ego super-ego
death drive
critique of religion and culture
slips of the tongue or pen, lapses of memory, forgettings, or jokes=all odd marginal behaviors
the Oedipus complex→莎士比亚
the unconscious mind(冰山理论)
| conscious| | superego | ego |
|---|---|---|
| preconscious| | superego | ego |
| unconscious| | superego | id. |
| the psyche=id / ego / superego (unscientific↔︎psychology) |
- dream analysis
- dream-work = the process whereby the underlying wish is translated into the manifest content
- to transform the forbidden wish into a nonthreatening form
- two way (~Saussure?)
- the process of condensation=joining of two or more idea / images into one
- the process of displacement=takes place when we transform the person or object we are really concerned about to someone else
- dream-work = the process whereby the underlying wish is translated into the manifest content
- oceanic feeling(1927)
- oceanic feeling=refer to the sensation of being one with the universe(Rolland's letter)
- (Freud)it's the preserved "primitive ego-feeling" from infancy
- the ego←母亲停止母乳喂养
- civilization↔︎individual(杀戮与性(libido = pleasure principle))
- religion
- death drive/instinct(Beyond the Pleasure Principle)
- human behavior~the sexual instinct(Eros or Libido)
- 指出,还~the death drives
- Eros=produces creativity, harmony, sexual connection, reproduction, and self-preservation
- Thanatos=brings deaths...
- 快乐原则不能适用的四个领域:
- 儿童游戏:破坏,推倒
- 自残行为
- 童年阴影的反复
- 梦中的阴影
- the aim of all life is death
- +all repetition is a form of discharge
- →the compulsion to repeat is an effort to restore a state that is both historically primitive and marked by the total draining of energy:death
- →用以解释小说的叙事学,如:boss战前不断的战斗、夜光の段階
- human behavior~the sexual instinct(Eros or Libido)
- the uncanny(怪怖, Das Unheimliche=un(怪异的、离奇的、唤起恐惧感的)+heimlich(被隐藏的、私密的、不让他人知道的))
- =something that is strangely familiar, rather than just mysterious
- =something is secretly familiar
- →uncanny valley
Lacan
创立法国精神分析学会(因拉康被拒绝加入国际精神分析学会)
后推出学会,加入巴黎符号学派,再后加入弗洛伊德course
mirror stage
doppelgangers
ghosts
Déjà Vu
alter egos
→cognitive estrangement by Darko Suvin
→《真实眼泪之可怖》(齐泽克用拉康派的理论分析电影)
- three orders
- The Imaginary=the field of images and imagination~围棋中的横线竖线
- order of 【Ego|mirror|the reflected image】=places of radical alienation
- alienation is constitutive of the imaginary order
- the relationship is also narcisstic
- The Symbolic=the domain of culture as opposed to the imaginary order of nature~围棋的规则
- without language ×Law or Structure
- language特殊在于signifier
- The Real=not synonymous with reality=is out side language and that resists symbolization absolutely?~围棋中空的部分
- no absence in the Real
- The Imaginary=the field of images and imagination~围棋中的横线竖线
- the mirror stage
- development of child
- describe the formation of the Ego via the process of identification
- lacks coordination|6 months by mirror|recognize itself
- 自我形成的机制=获得掌控感
- meconnaissance=false recognition
- 母亲=大他者
- the big Other=designates radical alterity,an other-ness which transcends the illusory otherness of the imaginary(it cannot be assimilated through identification)
- 在符号界中一开始就存在
- 你的欲望是大他者的欲望:symbolic order
- the little other=who is not the real other~自我心中的另一个他者
- 在Imaginary中一开始就存在
- objet petit a=stands for the unattainable object of desire
- a=autre(other)(←弗:object+拉:otherness)
德里达
structure(他提出,从形式主义发展到结构主义)
- a=autre(other)(←弗:object+拉:otherness)
Feminist Movement
the 1st wave: 19th and early-20th centuries, suffrage movements =promoting women's right to vote→权力
the 2nd wave: 1960s liberation movement(极大推动力波伏娃《第二性》)→意识形态
the 3rd wave: around 1992 individuality and diversity
the 4th wave: 2012- me-too movement
Towards a Feminist Poetics by Elaine Showalter
- the Feminine phase(1840-1880)=书写
- the Feminist phase(1880-1920)=女性书写
- the Female phase(1920-)=女性书写女性
女性要和男性一样→女性有自己的特质
妻子从属于丈夫(财产权、身份、版权等各种权利)→wife's right=“婦権”
边沁对女性参政权和男女道德平等的支持
Mary Wollstonecraft A Vindication of the Right of Woman(1792)
Jane Austen/Charlotte Bronte/Anne Bronte/Elizabeth Gaskell/George Eliot/Louisa May Alcott
the Spoils of Poynton Henry James
1925 英国国会才立法女性可以自己处置自己的财产
the Second Sex(1949)自然科学、社会科学、欧洲的文学、社会、政治、宗教创造了一个世界。这个世界中,一种impossible且conflating的女性性观念产生一一种女性“natural” inferior的意识形态,来维护父权制的统治。 - one is not born but becomes a woman(women are the weaker sex)
- other(Hegel)in master-slave dialectic
- Subject=absolute/other=inessential
- →mutual recognition of each other be free and independent
The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan 1963
- demystified the dominant image of the happy American suburban housewife and mother
- essential workforce(during WWII)→home bound housewife(after the War)
Sexual Politics by Kate Millett 1970→power-structured relationships
The Dialectic of Sex by Shulamith Firestone
The Female Eunuch by Germaine Greer
Virginia Woolf(-1941)
出身富裕,后家庭圆满
两次世界大战,给他带来了巨大的精神伤害
意识流←陀思妥耶夫斯基、梭罗
波伏娃:woolf等人approch nature in inhuman freedom
女性想要写作:
- 钱、房间、闲、
Mrs Dalloway:长篇幅写一天的事情
Orlando:A Biography(1928)
Judith Butler的queer理论→解读Orlando - Gender Trouble:Feminism
- Subversion of Identity(1990)
- Limits of Sex(1993)
- Gender Performative(性别表演理论)
Postcolonialism
colonized people and land=the Other(←women/hegel)
Edward Said
(→Homi Bhabha/Spivak)
Orientalism
The heart of darkness 受限于帝国主义的意识形态框架/文化框架(文明-野蛮,强化了欧洲中心/西方中心主义的世界观)
非洲人没有自己的表达,是沉默寡言的,被凝视的他者
这是批判中的共谋,一方面是帝国主义的揭露,一方面是帝国主义话语的产物
权力是与话语联系在一起的
Cultural Studies
(from economics, poetics, media communication studies, sociology, literature, education and law...: agenda mode of analysis)
50s started from Birmingham school and Frankfurter School
→法国/非洲等各地的研究者
什么是文化研究?→Toby Miller的Culture Studies/What it is?(和意识形态有关的)和What it isn't?(自然科学的,诗歌文本细读,艺术史(传统精英研究的内容))
Matthew Arnold
先驱者
Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold
推崇古典文化,culture = like spirit with poetry(创作),follows one law with poetry
推广了Philistines这个词,认为要让富裕的中产阶级希腊化
Antonio Gramsci
曾入过意大利共产党→Georg Lukacs(著作:“小说理论”)
著作:The Prison Notebooks
Cultural Hegemony:dominant ideology(beliefs, assumptions, and values)=dampen critical thought & barriers to revolution
social institution socialize people consent to the rule of the dominant group
x common sense
Frankfurter School
书斋的马克思主义者,从革命转向社会文化
Adorno The Philosophy of Modern Music (1949)
Popular culture = made people docile and content, no matter how terrible their economic circumstances
same thing / standardized production (the manipulation of taste an the official culture's pretense of individualism)
purchase the illusion (pseudo-individualism and always-the-same)
disenchantment(祛魅) / re-enchantment(赋魅)
The Aesthetic Dimension:Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics by Herbert Marcuse
Benjamin: aura, the work of art in the age of technical reproducibility
- 艺术只有被崇拜(cult)的价值和被展览(exhibition)的的价值
Birmingham School
the centre for contemporary cultural school(CCCS)
反对Eliot和Leavis(创立《细查派》)的精英主义立场
The empire strikes back(逆写帝国)
x high/low elite/popular + 媒介研究
Stuart Hall,1973的Encode理论
Raymond Williams:cultural materialism(三种文化 resident/dominant/~)
迪士尼:女性形象演变史
白雪公主=家中的天使
↓
冰雪奇缘/海洋奇缘/木兰=追求自我
文化产品=中国的前现代田园生活的幻想
- 场域
- 一个半人
- 主角
- 叙事者=脸和食物之外
- 偷窥的视角和风景
- 唯有一次出现了第三人,但也是长辈+失语的
- 中国的田园风景
拟像
- 一个半人
为什么world literatue不属于文化研究的领域
philistines