前:模仿说和投影说
浪漫主义和现实主义

Formalism

涵盖不同艺术表达领域
此处主要讲诗学

Russian Formalism

总论

德国胡塞/索绪尔的影响
Viktor Shklovsky、Yuri Tynianov、Vldimir Propp、Boris Eichenbaum、Roman Jakobson、Boris Tomashevsky、Grigory Gukovsky
认为文学不是任何事物的投影,文学就是它本身
以俄国为始,在各国建设了Linguistic Circle
运用巴赫金/Juri Lotman等思考
研究的面向:叙事学(distortions of the natural order of events)包括omission transposition digression disproportion
可能认为形式的设计比本质更重要
最初在俄国建立了Society for Study of Poetic Language/Moscow Linguistic Circle

文学的科学

Boris Eichenbaum的发言
Tomashevsky和Jakobson:文学不来自其essences的先验定义,文学科学就是研究文学的构成,研究文学之现象,文学研究就是研究文学性(literariness)

俄国形式主义主张的两条研究原则

研究文学和其他人类活动相区别的特征
必须摈弃以往人们压制在文学上的从哲学、美学、心理学等试图接近文学之本质的努力

第一阶段:Mechanistic formalism

OPOJAZ(Society for Study of Poetic Language)关注文学创作的技巧与手段,而非作者、读者、历史
艺术不是其他事物的shadow,而是其本身——Viktor Shklovsky
回归craftsmanship,soul of the literary work=the sum total of its devices
提出陌生化(de-familiarize\俄:ostranenie)

「Art as Technique/Device」(Shklovsky,1917)

延长感知时间,艺术是体验/感知对象艺术性的过程
↔︎Belinsky:艺术是对社会政治的解读
↔︎艺术是个人生活的投影
Device=让文学作品具有艺术性的技巧(例:诗歌中的重复、对比、metaphor,複義、oxymoron)
继承了洪堡的传统,poetic language是对prosaic language的opposite「seven types of ambigulty」,也是practical language的opposite
后期转研究小说叙事
对时间的打乱、闪回=plot(sjuzhet)↔︎story(fabula)=对事件的自然持续实现

「Theory of Prose」(Shklovsky,1929)

英语中的Prose=小说的一种叙事!=中文“散文”

They constitute the invariants of narrative, or its universal grammar, independent of any specific content, and provide a set of moulds

第二阶段:Organic formalism

基于有机论=如同一个有机体,作品也是由各部分协同组成,而且各部分都是有层级的
Victor Zhirmunsky
teleological concept(隐藏了一个目的的存在)

第三阶段:Systemic formalism

Yuri Tynianov(+黑格尔辩证法/索绪尔语言学)
不管研究单一作品,还研究文学在不同时代的演变(literary evolution=a struggle among competing elements)
如:颂诗来自演讲
认为外在于文学系统的元素促进了文学的演变

「Problems in the Study of Language and Literature」(1928)

研究系统中各个部件的function

each synchronic system has its own past and future as part of its structure
system means hierarchical organization!=a mere agglomerate of contemporaneous phenomena catalogued
还要研究 the relevant non-literary facts 来明细system of systems

总结

形式主义催生了结构主义,影响了人类学(Claude Levi-Strauss,Roland Bathes)、心理学
形式主义-paradigm shift-结构主义,The answers you get depends on your paradigm(Thomas Kuhn)
形式主义抛弃了模仿论、抛弃了先验论,形式主义的变革是一个巨大的范式转变

附:Saussure——the founder of modern linguistics and structuralism

language(langue)——individuals(parole)
synchronic & diachronic
「普通语言学教程」
language=socially shared,psychologically real system of signs
each language consist of the arbitrary(恣意=任意で専制的) conjunction of an abstract concept and acoustic image
conceive by no means
abstract concept and acoustic image→signifiant(=signifing|signifier)——signifie(signified)

Psychoanalysis

分期

psychology of the unconscious(1897-1923)
ego psychology(1923-)
psychology of the self(ca. 1950-)

Freud

1956-1939
redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms→formulate the Oedipus/Electra complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory
id. ego super-ego
death drive
critique of religion and culture

slips of the tongue or pen, lapses of memory, forgettings, or jokes=all odd marginal behaviors
the Oedipus complex→莎士比亚
the unconscious mind(冰山理论)

conscious| superego ego
preconscious| superego ego
unconscious| superego id.
the psyche=id / ego / superego (unscientific↔︎psychology)

Lacan

创立法国精神分析学会(因拉康被拒绝加入国际精神分析学会)
后推出学会,加入巴黎符号学派,再后加入弗洛伊德course
mirror stage
doppelgangers
ghosts
Déjà Vu
alter egos
→cognitive estrangement by Darko Suvin
→《真实眼泪之可怖》(齐泽克用拉康派的理论分析电影)

Feminist Movement

the 1st wave: 19th and early-20th centuries, suffrage movements =promoting women's right to vote→权力
the 2nd wave: 1960s liberation movement(极大推动力波伏娃《第二性》)→意识形态
the 3rd wave: around 1992 individuality and diversity
the 4th wave: 2012- me-too movement

Towards a Feminist Poetics by Elaine Showalter

Virginia Woolf(-1941)

出身富裕,后家庭圆满
两次世界大战,给他带来了巨大的精神伤害
意识流←陀思妥耶夫斯基、梭罗
波伏娃:woolf等人approch nature in inhuman freedom
女性想要写作:

Postcolonialism

colonized people and land=the Other(←women/hegel)

Edward Said

(→Homi Bhabha/Spivak)

Orientalism

The heart of darkness 受限于帝国主义的意识形态框架/文化框架(文明-野蛮,强化了欧洲中心/西方中心主义的世界观)
非洲人没有自己的表达,是沉默寡言的,被凝视的他者
这是批判中的共谋,一方面是帝国主义的揭露,一方面是帝国主义话语的产物
权力是与话语联系在一起的

Cultural Studies

(from economics, poetics, media communication studies, sociology, literature, education and law...: agenda mode of analysis)
50s started from Birmingham school and Frankfurter School
→法国/非洲等各地的研究者
什么是文化研究?→Toby Miller的Culture Studies/What it is?(和意识形态有关的)和What it isn't?(自然科学的,诗歌文本细读,艺术史(传统精英研究的内容))

Matthew Arnold

先驱者
Culture and Anarchy by Matthew Arnold
推崇古典文化,culture = like spirit with poetry(创作),follows one law with poetry
推广了Philistines这个词,认为要让富裕的中产阶级希腊化

Antonio Gramsci

曾入过意大利共产党→Georg Lukacs(著作:“小说理论”)
著作:The Prison Notebooks
Cultural Hegemony:dominant ideology(beliefs, assumptions, and values)=dampen critical thought & barriers to revolution
social institution socialize people consent to the rule of the dominant group
x common sense

Frankfurter School

书斋的马克思主义者,从革命转向社会文化
Adorno The Philosophy of Modern Music (1949)
Popular culture = made people docile and content, no matter how terrible their economic circumstances
same thing / standardized production (the manipulation of taste an the official culture's pretense of individualism)
purchase the illusion (pseudo-individualism and always-the-same)
disenchantment(祛魅) / re-enchantment(赋魅)
The Aesthetic Dimension:Toward a Critique of Marxist Aesthetics by Herbert Marcuse
Benjamin: aura, the work of art in the age of technical reproducibility

Birmingham School

the centre for contemporary cultural school(CCCS)
反对Eliot和Leavis(创立《细查派》)的精英主义立场
The empire strikes back(逆写帝国)
x high/low elite/popular + 媒介研究
Stuart Hall,1973的Encode理论
Raymond Williams:cultural materialism(三种文化 resident/dominant/~)

迪士尼:女性形象演变史
白雪公主=家中的天使

冰雪奇缘/海洋奇缘/木兰=追求自我

文化产品=中国的前现代田园生活的幻想

为什么world literatue不属于文化研究的领域
philistines